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Causation and hypothesis
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Risk factors, causality, Hill’s 9 criteria
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How to test hypotheses to establish causality
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Criteria of causality
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Sampling error and confidence intervals
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Effect modification and confounding
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Stratified analysis
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Direct and indirect age standardization
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Calculating crude mortality rate (CMR), cause-specific mortality rate (CSMR), age-specific mortality rate (ASMR)
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The steps to step up and calculate each type
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Study designs, including:
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Descriptive vs analytic
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Experimental vs observational
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Randomized and Quasi-Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
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Prospective and retrospective cohort
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Case-control
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Attributable risk and mortality calculations
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