HSC Year 12 Physics complete notes

These notes cover the following topics and subtopics of HSC Year 12 Physics.

Advanced Mechanics

• Projectile Motion
  • Galileo’s Analysis of Projectile Motion
  • Projectile Motion Equations
  • Projectile Motion Variables
  • Tips & Tricks
• Circular Motion
  • Introduction
  • Uniform Circular Motion
  • Average speed
  • Angular Velocity
  • Radians & Degrees
  • Centripetal Acceleration
  • Centripetal Force
  • Centripetal vs Centrifugal
  • Complex Circular Motion
    • Conical Pendulum
    • Banked Curves
    • Vertical Circular Motion
  • Energy & Work
    • Work
  • Torque
• Motion in Gravitational Fields
  • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
  • Altitude vs Orbital Radius
  • Gravitational Field
  • Gravitational Field Strength
  • Variations in the Gravitational Field Strength
  • Satellites
  • Newton’s Thought Experiment
  • Requirements for Orbit
  • Properties of Orbit
    • Centripetal acceleration
    • Orbital Period (T)
  • Orbital Velocity
    • Method
    • Method
  • Types of Orbit
  • Keplar’s Third Law
  • Gravitational Potential Energy
  • Mechanical Energy in a Gravitational Field
  • Newton’s Thought Experiment Revisited
  • Escape Velocity
• Definitions
• Formulas

Electromagnetism

• Charged Particles: Conductors, Electric & Magnetic Fields
  • Electric Fields
  • Electric Fields Between ll Plates
  • Work in Electric Fields
  • Comparing Gravitational Fields & Electric Fields
  • Trajectory of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field vs a Projectile in a Gravitational Field
  • Projectile Motion Equations
    • Vertical
    • Horizontal
  • The Effect of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
  • Right Hand Palm Rule
  • The Effect of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
  • The Effect of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
• Motor Effect
  • Introduction
  • Carrying Conductors – Force Between Parallel Current
  • Defining the Ampere
• Electromagnetic Induction
  • Introduction
  • Magnetic Flux
  • Faraday’s Law
  • Lenz’s Law
    • Case Studies:
  • Applying Lenz’s Law to a Coil
  • Eddy Current
  • Determining the Direction of Eddy Currents
    • Bad Method
    • Good Method
  • Transformers
  • From Faradays’ Law:
  • Types of Transformers
    • Step-up Transformers
    • Step-down Transformers
  • Applications of Transformers
  • Power Loss in Transmission Lines
  • Applications of Transformers
  • Limitations of Transformers
    • Resistive Heat Production
  • ▪ Solutions:
    • Incomplete Flux Linkage
  • Electromagnetic Braking
    • Advantages:
    • Disadvantages:
  • Applications of Motor Effect
    • DC Motors
      • Components of a DC Motor:
    • Operation of a DC Motor
    • Torque
    • Torque in a DC Motor
    • Back EMF
    • Significance of Back EMF
      • When there is n load:
      • When a load is introduced:
    • Generators
      • AC Generator:
      • DC Generator:
    • AC Induction Motors
    • Structure of an AC induction Motor
    • Operation of an AC Induction Motor
    • AC Induction Motor
  • Definitions
  • Formulas

The Nature of Light

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • Prediction of EM Waves
  • Measuring the Speed of Light
  • Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum
  • Spectra
  • Types of Spectrum
  • Spectrology
  • Emission Spectrum
  • Exploring Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • Stellar Spectra
    • Continuous Spectrum
    • Stellar Temperature
    • Translational Velocity
    • Rotational Velocity
    • Chemical Composition
  • The Wave Model of Light
    • Huygens’ Principle
    • Light Diffraction
    • Path Difference
    • Interference
    • Young’s Double Slit Experiment
    • Bandwidth
    • Diffraction Grating
    • Polarisation
    • Polarisers
    • Malus’ Law
  • The Quantum Model of Light
    • Blackbody Radiation
    • Classical Predications of Blackbody
    • The Quantum Theory
    • The Quantisation of Energy
    • Analogy for Classical Physics
    • Analogy for Quantum Physics
    • Consequences of Blackbody Radiation
    • Einstein’s Particle Theory of Light
    • The Electron-Volt
    • Hertz’s Experiments
    • The Photoelectric Effect
    • Prediction Based on the Wave Properties of Light
    • Actual Observations
    • The Photoelectric Effect (Continuation)
  • Light & Special Relativity
    • Galilean Experiment
    • Galilean Relativity
    • Relative Velocity
    • Light in Inertial Frames
    • Aether
    • Michelson & Morley Experiment
    • Einstein’s Thought Experiment
    • Consequences of Special Relativity
      • Relativity of Time
      • Relativity of Length
    • Relativistic Momentum
    • Particle Accelerators
    • Mass – Energy Equivalence
    • Relativistic Mass
    • Antiparticle Annihilation
    • Nuclear Reactions
  • Definitions
  • Formulas
  • Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • The Wave Model of Light
  • The Quantum Model of Light
  • Light & Special Relativity

The Universe of Atoms

• Chemistry Revision
  • Isotopes
• Properties of the Nucleus
  • Introduction
  • The Strong Nuclear Force
  • Zone of Nuclear Stability
  • Radioactivity
  • Properties of Radiation
  • Radioisotopes
  • Nuclear Transmutations (Radioactive Decay)
  • Half-life in Radioactive Decay
  • Radioactive Decay Equation
  • Nuclear Fission
    • Fermi’s Observation
  • Chain Reactions
  • Controlled Chain Reactions
  • Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
  • Nuclear Fusion
  • Mass Defect & Binding Energy
  • Binding Energy Per Nucleon
  • Energy in Nuclear Reactions
• The Origins of the Elements
  • Introduction
  • Theories of the Universe
  • The Expanding Universe
  • Hubble’s Law
  • The Big Bang
  • The Singularity
  • Inflation & Energy Dominant Period
  • Recombination
  • Radiation Release
  • Accretion
  • Cosmic Background Radiation
  • Stars
  • Lifestyle of a Star
  • Star Surface Temperature
  • Star Luminosity
  • Hertzsprung – Russel Diagram
  • Mass Energy Equivalence
  • Nuclear Fusion
  • Other Measurements of Stars
• The Structure of the Atom
  • Introduction
  • Dalton’s Atomic Model
  • Cathode Rays & The Electron
  • JJ Thomson’s Experiment
  • The Oil Drop Experiment
  • Thomson Atomic Model
  • Rutherford Atomic Model
  • The Proton
  • The Neutron
• Quantum Mechanical Nature of the Atom
  • Introduction
  • Balmer Series & Rydberg’s Equation
  • Bohr’s Atomic Model
  • Limitations of Bohr’s Model
  • Wave-Particle Duality of Light
  • De Broglie’s Matter Wave
  • Davisson & Germer’s Experiment
  • Standing Waves
  • Impact of De Broglie’s Matter Wave
  • The Uncertain Nature of Matter
  • Schrodinger’s Atomic Model
  • Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
  • Schrodinger’s Cat Though Experiment
• Deep Inside the Atom
  • Introduction
  • The Particle Zoo
  • The Standard Model
  • Quarks
  • Leptons
  • Gauge Bosons
  • Evidence for the Standard Model
  • Higgs Bosons
• Definitions
• Formulas
• Properties of the Nucleus
• The Origins of the Elements
• The Structure of the Atom
• Quantum Mechanical Nature of the Atom