These ZOOL30006 notes cover the following areas:
- History of Animal Behavior Research
- Comparative Psychology
- Ethology
- Critiques of Fields
- Sociobiology
- The Sociobiology Controversy
- Comparison of the Three Fields
- Tinbergen’s Framework for Behavioral Studies
- Tinbergen’s 4 Questions
- Levels of Analysis of the 4 Questions
- Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
- Darwin’s Observations
- Darwin’s Deductions
- “Survival of the Fittest”
- Adaptation: The End Product of NS (natural selection)
- Darwin and Mendelian Genetics
- Ladder vs. Tree
- Allele, Locus, Genotype, and Phenotype
- The Effects of Genes on Behavior
- Does Behavior Have a Genetic Component?
- Effects of Genes on a Trait
- Heritability
- The Meaning and Interpretation of Heritability
- Factors Generating Evolutionary Change
- Genes and Environments
- The Nature of Inheritance
- Types of Selection
- Levels of Selection
- Wynne-Edwards and Group Selection (GS)
- Four Problems of Group Selection
- Individual Selection vs. Group Selection
- Optimal Clutch Size in Great Tits as an example of IS vs. GS
- Kin Selection
- Hamilton’s Inclusive Fitness
- The Evolution of Altruism
- KS, IF (inclusive fitness), and Social Behavior
- Which Individuals Should be Helped? (r)
- Calculating r
- Helping vs. Breeding Strategies in Florida Scrub Jays
- Nepotism in Belding’s Ground Squirrels
- Limits of Nepotism
- Sentinel Behavior in Meerkats
- Reciprocal Altruism
- Discrimination Against Cheaters
- Kin Recognition
- Kin Recognition and Rules of Thumb
- Rules of Thumb and Kin Biased Behavior
- Is Kin Discrimination Costly?
- Sterile Castes and Eusocial Insects
- How Did Sterility Evolve?
- Haplodiploid Genetic System and Eusociality
- Calculating r in haplodiploid species
- Evidence Supporting the Kin Selection of HPDP Hypothesis for Evolution of Eusociality
- The Caveats and Exceptions
- Two Functions of Kin Recognition
- Mechanisms of Kin Recognition
- Evolution of Sexual Reproduction?
- Three Costs of Sexual Reproduction
- The Benefits of Sexual Reproduction
- Evolution of Sex Ratios
- Mendelian (proximate) Explanation for SR
- Environmental Sex Determinism
- Facultative Sex Change
- Evolutionary (ultimate) Explanation for SR
- Fisher’s Theory of Long-Term Optimum SR
- Sex Ratio and Perceived Operational SR
- Adaptive Variation in SR
- Sex Ratio in Grackles
- Trivers-Willard Model of Adaptive SR Variation
- Test of Trivers-Willard Hypothesis
- Proximate Mechanisms of SR Adjustment
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